备考2020年英语二攻略之二: 句子分解
学习要求：
1. 分解步骤: 1) 辨认动词的形态; 2) 组建动词的逻辑;3) 多动词构造的节点标志
2. 词义：1）动词名词的互动；2）修饰与被修饰的互动
 
第一部分：课堂讲解
1．Using a variety of new remote sensing tools, scientists can learn more about how precipitation affects water levels, how surface water is generated and transported, and how changes in the landscape affect water supplies.
 
 
句意：利用多种远程自动检测仪器，科学家可以更多有关“降水量如何影响水位”、“地表水如何产生、流动”以及“地形的变化如何影响水的供应”等问题的信息。
 
2．To prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases in plants, animals, and humans, more study is needed on how pathogens, parasites, and disease-carrying species—as well as humans and other species they infect—are affected by changes in the environment.
 
 
句意：为了防止传染病在植物、动物以及人类之间的爆发，需要更多地研究病原体、寄生虫以及携带疾病的物种——也包括人类以及其他它们感染的物种——如何受到环境改变的影响。
 
3．Humans have made alterations to Earth’s surface—such as tropical deforestation, reduction of surface and ground water, and massive development—so dramatic that they approach the levels of transformation that occurred during glacial periods.
 
 
句意：人类已经大大改变了地球的外表，比如热带森林的砍伐、地表水和地下水的减少以及大规模的开发，这些改变甚至达到了冰河时期发生的变化水准。
 
4．There is the economic principle that the dependency ratio—the degree to which those who cannot earn depend for a living on those who can—is more advantageous in older societies like ours than in the younger societies of the developing world, because lots of dependent babies are more of a liability than numbers of the inactive aged.
 
 
句意：有一种经济学原理认为，与那些新兴的发展中国家相比，相关性比率——那些不能谋生的人依赖于能够谋生的人之间的程度比——对于像我们这样的老龄国家更有利，因为与大量退休的老人相比，许多靠他人生活的婴儿是更大的负担。
 
5. There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birth rate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere, rather than because of any change in the death rate, that we have grown so old.
 
 
句意：人们通常反对这种观点：是因为西欧和西北欧的婴儿出生率比其他地方下降得早，而不是因为死亡率的变化，导致我们变得如此老年的。
 
6．The elites, who occupy the small upper stratum within the category of the non-poor, and their functions in the emergence and reproduction of poverty are as interesting and important an object for poverty research as are the poor themselves.
 
 
句意：精英分子以及他们在贫困的产生和重现过程中的作用也是研究贫困问题的一个有趣和重要的对象，就像穷人本身一样，这些精英分子在不穷的人中占据了为数不多的上层地位。
 
7．Poverty and the poor serve an important symbolic function, in reminding citizens of the lot that may befall those who do not heed the values of thrift, diligence and cleanliness, and of the constant threat that the rough, the immoral and the violent represent for the rest of society.
 
 
句意：贫穷和穷人起着一个重要的象征作用，它提醒人们，贫穷的命运可能降临那些忽视节俭、勤劳和廉洁美德的人，它警示人们，那些粗野、不道德以及暴虐者可能对社会其他人构成不断的威胁。
 
8．It fails to recognize the great dangers we shall face in the uses of biomedical technology that stems from an excess of freedom, from the unrestrained exercise of will.
 
 
句意：它没有认清我们在应用生物医学技术时将面临的巨大危险，而这种技术源于过度的自由，源于意愿的无限制满足。
 
9．Consider the increasing number of old people still alive thanks to medical progress; as a group, the elderly are the most alienated members of our society, not yet ready for the world of the dead, not deemed fit for the world of the living, they are shunted aside.
 
 
句意：想一想由于医学的进步仍然活着的、数量日益增多的老人；作为一个群体，年长者是我们社会最孤独的群体，尚未为后世做好准备，又被认为不适合生活于有生之世界，这些年长者被抛弃在一边。
 
10. Shyness occurs when a person’s apprehensions are so great that they inhibit his making an expected or desired social response; symptoms of shyness can be as minor as failing to make eye contact when speaking to someone, or as major as avoiding conversations whenever possible.
 
 
句意：当一个人过于忧虑，而他又控制自己做出期望的或渴望的社交反应时，他就会羞怯；羞怯的症状可能很轻微，正如与人交谈时没有接触对方的目光，或是很严重，如同无论何时都尽可能避免与人交谈。